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Objective: To explore the present situation and epidemiological characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021, and to provide scientific evidence for further prevention and control. Methods: In January 2022, the pesticide poisoning report cards of Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The data of the report card was reorganized and the distribution characteristics of pesticide poisoning such as time, region, gender, age and pesticide types were analyzed. Results: 14326 cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021, 651 deaths, and the fatality rate was 4.54%. The cases of productive pesticide poisoning and unproductive pesticide poisoning were 504 and 13822, respectively. The fatality rates of productive and unproductive pesticide poisoning were 1.39% and 4.66%, which were significant different (χ(2)=11.99, P=0.001). The highest reported cases of pesticide poisoning was in 2013 (1779) and the lowest in 2021 (1047). The number of reported cases showed a downward trend year by year (t=-12.30, P<0.001), and the fatality rates also showed a downward trend year by year (χ(2)(trend)=25.48, P<0.001). The fluctuation range of unproductive pesticide poisoning cases in each month of the year was small, and the productive pesticide poisoning mainly occurred from May to August. The regions with the largest number of reported poisoning cases were Pengzhou (1620), Jianyang (1393), Jintang (1266) and Qionglai (1158). The high incidence of poisoning was among 25-54 years old (50.21%, 7193/14326). The fatality rate in the age group 75-96 years old was the highest (8.98%, 95/1058), and the fatality rates increased gradually with age (χ(2)(trend)=186.03, P<0.001). The pesticides causing poisoning were mainly insecticide (43.86%, 6284/14326) and herbicides (35.75%, 5121/14326). Herbicides paraquat had the highest fatality rate (9.54%, 286/2998) . Conclusion: Pesticide poisoning in Chengdu City is mainly unproductive poisoning. Health education should be carried out for key areas and people, and the control of highly toxic pesticides such as insecticide and herbicides should be strengthened.
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Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Adult , Middle Aged , Insecticides , Pesticides , Herbicides , Paraquat , Cities , Poisoning/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Quality control is pivotal in the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine, whose connotation is not limi-ted to the qualitative or quantitative detection of an indicator component, but extends to the establishment of a whole process quality control system from the perspective of pharmaceutical product lifecycle management. This study discussed the quality control strategy of Chinese medicine based on the concept of pharmaceutical product lifecycle management, and proposed the following suggestions:(1) to focus on the "holistic view" and "phased" characteristics of quality control and strengthen the establishment of quality control strategy based on top-level design;(2) to strengthen the research on quality control of Chinese medicine based on quality risk management, focus on the correlations of quality control indicators with the safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine, and establish a quality evaluation system consistent with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine;(3) to consider the characteristics of different registration classifications in the establishment of quality control strategy;(4) to highlight the quality correlation research, strengthen the quality transfer research, ensure the quality traceability, and establish a sound quality management system;(5) to strengthen the quality research on marketed drugs to achieve dynamic quality improvement.
Subject(s)
Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Quality ControlABSTRACT
@#The incidence rate of vascular dementia is increasing year by year, and there is still no effective treatment at present, so it is very important to reduce the risk of developing vascular dementia. Research shows that diabetes is associated with vascular dementia. Based on the research literature related to diabetes and vascular dementia from January 1995 to April 2023, This article reviews the relationship between diabetes and vascular dementia, pathological mechanism and prevention and control strategies. It is found that diabetes can promote the occurrence and development of vascular dementia by inducing cerebrovascular disease, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction, using hypoglycemic drugs, removing the incentives of cerebrovascular disease, maintaining the stability of blood-brain barrier and adhering to a healthy lifestyle are the main measures for the prevention and control of vascular dementia at this stage. Future research needs to further explore the mechanism of vascular dementia induced by diabetes, and seek economic and effective prevention targets.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic intensity and characteristics of influenza in Changzhou City， Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2023， and to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of influenza prevention and control strategies. MethodsThe surveillance data of influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Changzhou City from April 2019 to March 2023 were collected through the China influenza surveillance information system. Influenza-like illness （ILI） cases before and after the pandemic of COVID-19 in Changzhou City were analyzed， and the differences among qualitative data were compared by using χ² test. ResultsFrom April 2019 to March 2023 the percentages of ILI cases’ medical visits in the four-influenza surveillance year were 2.57%， 1.84%， 5.38%， and 3.66%， respectively， and the positive detection rates of influenza virus were 25.71%， 0.44%， 22.78%， and 24.32%， respectively. The number of influenza outbreaks was 61， 1， 23， and 128， respectively. ILI cases were mainly among adolescent children aged 5‒14 years. The percentage of ILI cases in 2020‒2021 after the pandemic of COVID-19 was significantly lower than that in 2019‒2020 （χ2=737.342， P<0.001）， and the percentage of ILI cases in 2021‒2023 was higher than that in 2019‒2020. Influenza viruses in 2019‒2021 were dominated by type B Victoria， and influenza A virus was the dominant strain in positive influenza virus detections in 2022‒2023. The number of influenza outbreaks in 2021‒2023 was significantly lower than that in 2019‒2020 （χ2=185.662， P<0.001）. ConclusionThe epidemiological characteristics of influenza are different in different stages of COVID-19 prevention and control during 2019‒2023. In the dynamic clearance phase of COVID-19， ILI case’s medical visits showed low-level fluctuations without obvious seasonal fluctuations， and influenza virus was dominated by type B. In the high-intensity phase of the pandemic， the level of ILI case’s medical visits has reached the peak of the calendar year， and the positive detection of influenza virus was dominated by type A H3N2. In the "Category B B control" phase， the level of ILI case’s medical visits increased after a rapid decline， and the positive detection of influenza virus was dominated by type A H1N1. It is necessary to further strengthen the monitoring of influenza cases， pay close attention to the changes in influenza strains， actively promote influenza vaccination for key population group， and promote health behavior changes for the whole population.
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ObjectiveTo assess the effects of countermeasures against coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Shanghai from March to May 2022 in comparison with epidemiological trend of COVID-19 in New York City. MethodsDaily confirmed cases， asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers， and daily deaths were obtained in the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） of the United States. Descriptive study was conducted by using these data. ResultsFrom March 1 to May 17， the number of daily asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Shanghai was up to 58 times as large as that of daily confirmed cases； however， the number of daily confirmed cases in Shanghai was generally less than that in New York in the same time period. At the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic， the growth of daily attack rate in Shanghai was significantly lower than that in New York （P<0.05）. Moreover， the number of daily death was evidently less than that in New York. In addition， the vaccination rate in the elderly （aged ≥60 years） in Shanghai was evidently lower than that in New York （aged ≥65 years）. ConclusionThe COVID-19 epidemics in Shanghai from March to May 2022 and in New York after December 2021 were both caused by the Omicron variant. Compared with the Delta variant， the Omicron variant has stronger replication ability and infectivity， resulting in challenges to the containment of the epidemic in metropolis such as Shanghai and New York City. The epidemic in New York City remained crucial due to absence of effective countermeasures， while that in Shanghai has been effectively contained with strict countermeasures. The prevention and control strategies may be adjusted along with the continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and increasing trend of imported COVID-19 cases.
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Objective @#To analyze the problems in the AIDS control strategy in key areas of Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into the improvement of the control strategy.@*Methods @#The AIDS control data were collected from 10 key counties (districts) in Zhejiang Province, and the AIDS control strategy was comprehensively evaluated using a SWOT analysis.@*Results @#The strengths of the AIDS control strategy in key counties (districts) of Zhejiang Province included distinct working objectives, well-organized leadership, and effective control measures, the weaknesses included large number of HIV-infected cases, high burden of disease, difficulty in management of AIDS transmission and insufficient AIDS control capability, and the opportunities included the AIDS control in key counties (districts) conforming to the current status of AIDS control, strong support of innovative strategies and technical support from professional teams, while the threats included insufficient working mechanisms for AIDS control, the gap between the effectiveness of AIDS control and the target goal and unverified scientific evidence of the control strategy. Supported policies should be fully used, working mechanisms need to be improved, control strategies need to be innovated, and assessments need to be implemented for AIDS control in key counties (districts). @*Conclusions @#There are both opportunities and challenges for AIDS control in key counties (districts) of Zhejiang Province. Optimization of the working mechanisms, promotion of precision interventions, and search for repeatable control strategy in other disease-affected regions are required for AIDS control.
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Plague natural foci in Gansu Province are large in area and widely distributed, and the epidemic status is different in each focus. Some plague natural foci have been resting for many years and are under stable control. In other plague natural foci, the epidemic of plague among animals is relatively active, and dozens of strains of Yersinia pestis can be isolated every year. The plague among animals spreads to the humans from time to time, and the cases of human plague are more severe, short in course of disease, and high in mortality. In recent years, with the sharp increase of migrant workers engaged in grazing and engineering construction in plague natural foci, opportunities to actively contact infected animals such as marmots, hares and sheepdogs have increased, resulting in an increase of human plague cases. In addition, the behaviors of illegal hunting, trafficking and sale of marmots cannot be stopped, resulting in human plague throughout the year. Therefore, the party committees and governments at all levels and the health administrative departments in Gansu Province have formulated the plague prevention and control measures suitable for this region according to the epidemic characteristics of plague among animals and humans. In this paper, the characteristics of plague epidemic situation at present and the prevention and control measures adopted in Gansu Province are discussed, in order to provide scientific basis and guidance for optimizing plague prevention and control measures in the future.
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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that seriously hinders socioeconomic developments and threatens public health security. To achieve the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030, WHO released the guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis on February, 2022, with aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for schistosomiasis morbidity control, elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem, and ultimate interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in disease-endemic countries. Following concerted efforts for decades, great achievements have been obtained for schistosomiasis control in China where the disease was historically highly prevalent, and the country is moving towards schistosomiasis elimination. This article reviews the successful experiences from the national schistosmiasis control program in China, and summarizes their contributions to the formulation and implementation of the WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. With the progress of the "Belt and Road" initiative, the world is looking forward to more China's solutions on schistosomiasis control.
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Humans , China/epidemiology , Disease Eradication , Public Health , Schistosomiasis/prevention & control , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Abstract@#Since May 2022, laboratory-confirmed cases of monkeypox have been reported in more than 40 non-endemic countries and the epidemic may spread to other countries through human-to-human transmission. This study aims to introduce the characteristics of monkeypox virus and analyze the epidemic situation and the risk of imported cases in Zhejiang Province. Multiple recommendations are proposed to prevent monkeypox epidemics in Zhejiang Province including strengthening entry personnel quarantine, establishing monkeypox monitoring system, carrying out monkeypox-related health education, and making risk assessment and preparation.
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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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Since 2015 when the transmission of schistosomiasis was controlled in China, the country has been moving towards elimination of schistosomiasis, with the surveillance-response as the main interventions for schistosomiasis control. During the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the transmission of schistosomiasis had been interrupted in four provinces of Sichuan, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Hubei and the prevalence of schistosomiasis has been at the historically lowest level in China. As a consequence, the goal set in The 13th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China is almost achieved. However, there are multiple challenges during the stage moving towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China, including the widespread distribution of intermediate host snails and complicated snail habitats, many types of sources of Schistosoma japonicum infections and difficulty in management of bovines and sheep, unmet requirements for the current schistosomiasis control program with the currently available tools, and vulnerable control achievements. During the 14th Five-Year period, it is crucial to consolidate the schistosomiasis control achievements and gradually solve the above difficulties, and critical to provide the basis for achieving the ultimate goal of elimination of schistosomiasis in China. Based on the past experiences from the national schistosomiasis control program and the challenges for schistosomiasis elimination in China, an expert consensus has been reached pertaining to the objectives, control strategy and measures for The 14th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China, so as to provide insights in to the development of The 14th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China.
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As a successful example of global public health, Chinese schistosomiasis control technology and experiences have been included in global public health governance. Chinese schistosomiasis control program progresses with China’s international discourse power. During the period from the initial stage of the founding of the People’s Republic of China to China’s Reform and opening-up, the national schistosomiasis control program of China achieved great successes through mobilizing multi-sectorial resources under the policy of Independence and Self-reliance. Following China’s Reform and opening-up, all advantageous opportunities were captured to solve problems pertaining to schistosomiasis control in the context of complex international situations. As a consequence, transmission control of schistosomiasis was achieved across China in 2015. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has contributed the discourse system with distinct Chinese characteristics to the world, and has actively participated in health cooperation projects between China and other “Belt and Road” countries, which has contributed China’s wisdom to global schistosomiasis control program and conveyed China’s voice to the world.
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【Objective】 To analyze the infection status of syphilis among voluntary blood donors in Nanyang area, aimed to provide references for the recruitment of blood donors and ensure blood safety. 【Methods】 Enzyme-linked immunosorbend test(ELISA method) was used to screen the blood samples of 45 6981 voluntary blood donors from 2013 to December 2020, and the reactive blood samples of TP antibody were confirmed by treponema pallidum particle agglutinaation(TPPA method), the syphilis infection status in different population was compared and analyzed. 【Results】 Among 456 981 blood samples, 1 088 were reactive for anti-TP by ELISA method, and 714 were positive for syphilis(714/456 981, 0.15%); the total positive rate and positive rate of male and female in voluntary blood donors decreased year by year; female donors(347/180 987, 0.192%), first-time donors(613/324 188, 0.189%), whole blood donors(708/433 432, 0.163%) and married donors(668/399 899, 0.167%) had a significantly higher syphilis seroprevalence than male donors(367/275 994, 0.133%), repeated donors(101/132 793, 0.076%), apheresis platelet donors(6/23 549, 0.025%) and unmarried donors(46/57 082, 0.080%), respectively, and the differences between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05); the positive rate in donors with junior high school and below was significantly higher than other groups; the positive rate in donors of 35~44 years old was higher than other age groups, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05); syphilis seroprevalence among different occupational groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); Among 714 donors, co-infection with other viruses were noted in 40 cases(40/714, 5.60%), and only TP infection in 674 cases(674/714, 94.40%). 【Conclusion】 The TP seroprevalence among voluntary blood donors in Nanyang area showed a downward trend from 2013 to 2020, the majority of TP seropositive population are first-time donors, married donors, whole blood donors, donors with lower academic qualifications, and farmers/individual donors. Strengthening the consultation towards high-risk blood donors before blood donation, and recruitment of blood donors from low-risk groups can reduce / avoid the transmission of syphilis through blood transfusion and ensure the safety of blood transfusion.
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Soil-transmitted nematodiasis was once widely prevalent in Jiangsu Province, which seriously threatened human health and hindered socioeconomic development. The control efforts over decades resulted in a remarkable decline in the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode human infections in Jiangsu Province, with a reduction from 59.32% in 1989 to 0.12% in 2019, and the human prevalence remains at < 0.5% since 2013. Since 1987, an integrated strategy has been adopted for the control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province; however, the core interventions varies at different stages, which mainly include deworming, water and sanitation service improvement, health education, and monitoring and assessment. The criteria of effective soil-transmitted nematodiasis control had been achieved in all epidemic counties (districts) of Jiangsu Province by 2019. Further actions to strengthen health education and monitoring and implement precision control measures are required to consolidate the achievements of soil-transmitted nematodiasis control and eliminate the harm of soil-transmitted nematodiasis to humans. This review summarizes the epidemiology, control progress and evolution of control strategy of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province.
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The new coronavirus pneumonia has been listed as one of the Class B infectious disease but is managed as Class A infectious disease. To prevent and control its spread in hospitals, the outpatient department is the first key gate. Based on the relevant diagnosis and treatment strategies of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, combined with the actual situation of the hospital's epidemic prevention and control work, this article formulated comprehensive prevention and control strategies from the perspective of the patients and staffs. From the aspects of organization and leadership, medical epidemic prevention, pre-screening and screening, process formulation, admission management, cleaning and disinfection, epidemic report, prevention and control supervision, personnel and material deployment, patient education, comprehensive management, personnel management and psychological support and so on, advice and guidance on prevention and control of this infectious disease in outpatient department of hospital were provided.
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Recent studies showed that certain drugs can change regulatory reaction parameters in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and therefore restore pathological cells to a normal state. A state control framework for regulating biological networks has been built based on attractors and bifurcation theory to analyze this phenomenon. However, the control signal is self-developed in this framework, of which the parameter perturbation method can only calculate the state transition time of cells with single control variable. Therefore, an optimal control method based on the dynamic optimization algorithms is proposed for complex biological networks modeled by nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In this approach, dynamic optimization problems are constructed based on basic characteristics of the biological networks. Furthermore, using an example of a simple low-dimensional three-node GRN and a complex high-dimensional cancer GRN, MATLAB is utilized to calculate optimal control strategies with either single or multiple control variables. This method aims to achieve accurate and rapid state regulation for biological networks, which can provide a reference for experimental researches and medical treatment.
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This paper summarizes the changes in the policy associated with schistosmiasis control in the new era, analyzes the background of Health China Strategy and its association with the current schistosomiasis control program in China, describes several schistosomiasis control models and proposes some suggestions responding to the challenges in current schistosomiasis control program of China, so as to provide insights into the development of the effective control strategy for schistosomiasis.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of the control strategy for imported malaria. Methods The epidemiological data of malaria cases in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018 were retrieved from the Notifiable Disease Reporting System and Parasitic Disease Information Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the classification, origin of infections, temporal distribution, spatial distribution, population distribution, reporting institutions and diagnosis were analyzed. Results A total of 540 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018, and all cases were laboratory-confirmed, including 398 cases with falciparum malaria, 88 cases with vivax malaria, 38 cases with ovale malaria, 14 cases with malariae malaria and 2 cases with mixed infections. There were 90.56% (489/540) of the imported malaria cases with infections in 27 African countries, 5.92% (32/540) with infections in 5 Asian countries and 3.52% (19/540) with infections in one Oceania country. There was no significant seasonal distribution of the cases, and the imported malaria cases were predominantly detected in Fuzhou City (80.00%, 432/540) and at ages of 20 to 49 years (81.48%, 440/540). Initial diagnosis was predominantly at the city-level medical institutions, and 77.96% (421/540) were diagnosed as malaria at the initial diagnosis institutions. The median duration from onset to initial diagnosis was 2 days and 70.19% (379/540) were diagnosed within 3 days of onset. The interval between initial diagnosis and definitive diagnosis was 0 day, with 85.37% (461/540) definitively diagnosed within 3 days of initial diagnosis. Conclusions Overseas imported malaria is a continuous problem challenging the malaria elimination programme of Fujian Province. Improving the healthcare-seeking awareness and the diagnostic capability of healthcare workers, and intensifying the monitoring and management of malaria among overseas labors are strongly recommended.
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Objective To study the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV)-related vector biological monitoring in Daishan County, Zhoushan Island of Zhejiang Province, and to explore the prevention and control strategies. Methods The monitoring was conducted as follows:squirrel-cage method was used for rodents from 2012 to 2014;the Buqi method for free tick density in villages and towns with confirmed cases in Daishan County from 2015 to 2018;and body surface comb method for parasitic ticks.RT-PCR method was used to detect SFTSV in ticks and rat specimens.Epidemiological survey followed by extensive health education was conducted from 2011 to 2015.Comprehensive health prevention and control measures, such as precision health education and chemical elimination of vectors were taken from 2016 to 2018. Results A total of 327 rodents were captured, including 172 stinking shrews, accounting for 52.60%, and 92 yellow mice, accounting for 28.13%.The main species of ticks was Haematopsus longicortus, accounting for 94.20%.Among them, there were 135 parasitic ticks in three species:Haematopsus longicorum, S.scallopus, and T.nigra. There were 382 free ticks in 6 species, including Haematopsichum longicorum, Sickle fan tick, Hemophilus fannicus, Ixodes ovaliformis, Ixodes granulata, and Ixodes sinensis.From May to October in 2015, the density of field ticks was ≥50 per cloth flag.From May 2016 to 2018, after the elimination application of chemical agents for elimination, the density of ticks was ≤50 per cloth flag.All ticks and rodent specimens tested by RT-PCR were negative for SFTSV.Since precision education in 2016, the awareness rate of SFTS in rural areas has increased from 32.05% to 83.33%.Approximately 70 early warning notices for the epidemic situation were issued in advance.Since 2017, the number of SFTS has been declining year by year, and only 8 cases occurred in 2018. Conclusion In the field environment, chlorothalonil is the dominant mouse species and long horn blood ticks are the dominant ticks.The government leadership, cooperation among departments, technical service provided by professional organization, health education, reduction of tick density in residential environment, timely risk early warning notice, and other comprehensive prevention and control hand strategy all contribute to the achieved result of prevention and control.